Addis Herald
  • Home
  • History
  • Africa
  • Travel
  • Music
  • Culture
  • Art

Culture

  • Or. 607The Ethiopian Emperor’s Manuscripts
  • 36540E1A-A477-4FDD-A4E7-2DD01514F57DEthiopian Manuscripts and Painting from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century
  • 184D8D78-8168-43A0-8F33-95AAC1CE81B2The Top Ten Ethiopia’s Endemic Wild Animals
  • 68B656DE-B1F3-47D4-9F6A-198C6FA6FCA3The New Face of Addis
  • 20-must-read-poems-ethiopian-poets20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included)

Business

  • China-Ethiopia-forumEthiopia’s Export to China Grows Amid Booming FDI from Chinese Companies to the Country
  • 32AAAC40-C7CF-4A10-8C4A-D63F30DC6D07As Telebirr Increases it’s Subscribers to 18 mln, It’s Mother company Ethio Telecom launches 5G network
  • 57BD9DF7-CDDD-4722-AD63-F5A0C41A11B1Recovery Period: Inside Ethiopian Airlines’ 4-Pillar Growth Strategy
  • DC89FC8D-FC0B-4547-B6E6-7D8A4540717E12 investment opportunities in Ethiopia’s packaging industry
  • 3D2D6F24-5BB6-4943-AD60-DA8E222749C2Ethiopian Airlines leases two Dash 8-400 aircraft from TrueNoord

Africa

  • 2B04558D-E562-4F0C-B0F8-36082FF2C299As Gas hold the key to Africa’s energy future , it also may Rescue Europe’s energy crisis
  • C1480A4F-9399-4DEC-8DE9-6CD659342646African entrepreneurs need to be taken seriously
  • United-States-of-AfricaUnited States of Africa: A dream that got Gaddafi killed at the hands of a desperate US
  • 3B1B58E3-5D40-4ADA-8835-29B316116181Africa Isn’t an Opinion or an Opiate: An Ode to the Ever Defiant Motherland
  • E0A49956-D481-44EF-9A41-0B34EF9BDFAEAfrica: The Mother of all Civilization
1447fe604807da1a95b0ee788bf8a5ada4d19888
December 4, 2018

Literature

By Stuart Munro-Hay

Of Aksumite literature we know virtually nothing except that between the fifth and seventh centuries the Bible and other works began to be translated into Ge`ez (in some cases by Syrian/Aramaic speakers, thus absorbing certain additions to the vocabulary of the Ge`ez language). Traces of the early biblical translation survive in the form of quotations in some of the inscriptions.

The Ge`ez royal inscriptions themselves show an accomplished use of the language, and well exploit the propaganda medium provided by them. The earlier use of Greek for monumental inscriptions may have been an important factor towards the `stylistic confidence’ shown by the Ge`ez inscriptions, and this may not, in fact, reflect a long literary tradition (Irvine 1977). Zoskales, an early Aksumite ruler, was an educated man who spoke Greek, and the royal example, as well as the influx of Greek-speaking merchants, doubtless encouraged the spread of learning which resulted in the use of Greek for even the national inscriptions and coinage. One feels that there must have been a certain amount of literacy in the country for the kings to take such care with the inscriptions and the coin legends with their mottoes (Ch. 9: 4).

A ruler like Ezana, educated under the influence of Frumentius, who later returned to be installed as Ethiopia’s first bishop, would surely have been able to speak and read Greek and be well aware of the advantages of such propaganda media in both foreign and local circles. Very occasionally, there are other indications of literacy, like the inscription left by a presumably Aksumite Ethiopian, Abreha, in the Wady Manih on the road to the Egyptian port of Berenice. Its interpretation is, as usual, not quite clear, partly from uncertainty as to the significance of certain words, partly due to its condition (the last three lines are almost completely illegible). Sergew Hable Sellasie’s version reads “I Abreha, the man of Aksum, spent the night here [and] came believing in the might of the Lord of Heaven Aryam, with my son”. Littmann read it as “I am Abreha Takla Aksum and I stayed here. [I] came [protected] by the power [of the Lord of the Sublime] H[eaven] with my son”.

Ullendorff suggested “I Abreha am the founder of Aksum” (or, “founder of the [Church of] Aksum”) “and have my domicile there” (Sergew Hable Sellassie 1972: 109; Littmann 1954; Ullendorff 1955). Schneider (1984: 158), after discussing the state of the text as it is preserved now, concluded, perhaps wisely, that after “I Abreha” `the rest is speculation’. However, the inscription is of interest since it is unvocalized and apparently of the early fourth century AD; it confirms that the name Abreha was in use in Ethiopia at the same period as the mysterious Abreha and Atsbeha of Aksumite legend. Another unvocalized inscription from Debra Damo, associated with crosses, reads simply “I prayed” (Littmann 1913: IV, 61). A more mundane inscription, on a pot found at Aksum, reads “he who breaks it, pays!” (Anfray 1972: pl. III).

In late Aksumite times the inscription of the hatseni Daniel was carved on one of the statue bases in the city (Ch. 11: 5); this is, with the funerary inscription of Giho, daughter of Mangesha, from Ham (Conti Rossini 1939; Cerulli 1968: 18-19), one of the latest inscriptions we have. At Ham Conti Rossini also noted archaic Ethiopian inscriptions, probably simply names of travelers like those from a grotto at Qohayto, together with Aksumite pillars and other objects. The funerary inscription reads;

“Giho, daughter of Mangasha, died in the month of Tahsas, the 27th day, at dawn, the day before the vigil of the Nativity, a Wednesday, is the year . . . Ella Sahel. But as it is written `Man born of woman is of few days’ as it is written in the Gospel `He who has eaten my flesh and drunk my blood shall not taste death, and I will raise him at the last day’; and as is written in the Prophet `The dead shall be raised, and those who are in the tomb shall live'”.

Sergew Hable Sellassie (1972: 198), read the middle lines as “on the eve of Christmas on the day of Wednesday. And died a year after we had (conquered?) our enemy Ella Sahel”. Conti Rossini suggested a date of the 7th or 8th century for this inscription. Monneret de Villard (1940) noted that the shape of the tablet on which the inscription is carved resembles the typical Meroitic altar of offerings, and thought that Giho’s name was also Meroitic in origin; since such a funerary inscription is so far unique in Ethiopia but not unknown in Nubia, perhaps it does show some influences from there. It has been suggested that `Ella Sahel’ refers to a king of that name who appears in the king-lists, but the reading of the sentence is obscure (Schneider 1984: 163).

Illuminated Gospel, Amhara peoples, Ethiopia, late 14th–early 15th century, parchment (vellum), wood (acacia), tempera and ink, 41.9 x 28.6 x 10.2 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)

The later Ethiopian love of stories of the miracle-filled lives of saints and the wonderful tales of old may have had some literary reflection as early as Aksumite times, helping to both develop and preserve them. The compilation of the chronicles of the kings, as in medieval times, may have been an Aksumite custom, as illustrated by the preserved inscriptions. But if so the only traces we have of them are the Ge`ez king lists repeated in later times, with a few glosses about exceptional events. The patent inaccuracy of the lists and the non-appearance of most known Aksumite rulers show that only a very little was transmitted to later ages about Aksumite history, and presumably, any such ancient chronicles perished during one of the periods of unrest from late Aksumite times.

There can be little doubt that the art of making parchment and keeping records or literary works by the use of parchment scrolls (as in the Nubian kingdoms later), or larger flat pages (as in Ethiopia in the medieval period) could have been practiced in Aksumite times, and one day we may hope to find something of the sort in, perhaps, one of the Aksumite tombs. Records of government business and commercial transactions, as well as religious and other works, were certainly kept from early times, but the climate of Ethiopia does not have the dryness which has preserved so much perishable material in Egypt and Nubia. Most of the surviving Ethiopian parchment books are of relatively recent date, but there remains the hope that some earlier works may one day be discovered.

Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity

1. Introduction

2. Legend, Literature, and Archaeological Discovery

  • 2-1. The Legends of Aksum
    2-2. Aksum in Ancient Sources
    2-3. The Rediscovery of Aksum in Modern Times

3. The City and the State

  • 3-1. The Landscape
    3-2. Origins and Expansion of the Kingdom
    3-3. The Development of Aksum; an Interpretation
    3-4. Cities, Towns, and Villages
    3-5. The Inhabitants
    3-6. Foreign Relations

4. Aksumite History

  • 4-1  The Pre-Aksumite Period
    4-2  Early Aksum until the Reign of Gadarat
    4-3  Gadarat to Endubis
    4-4  Endubis to Ezana
    4-5  Ezana after his Conversion, to Kaleb
    4-6. Kaleb to the End of the Coinage
    4-7. The Post-Aksumite Period

5. The Capital City

  • 5-1. The Site
    5-2. The Town Plan
    5-3. Portuguese Records of Aksum
    5-4. Aksumite Domestic Architecture
    5-5. The Funerary Architecture
    5-6. The Stelae

6. The Civil Administration

  • 6-1. The Rulers
    6-2. Officials of the Government

7. The Monarchy

  • 7-1. The King and the State
    7-2. The Regalia
    7-3. Dual Kingship
    7-4. Succession
    7-5. The Royal Titles
    7-6. The Coronation

8. The Economy

  • 8-1. Population
    8-2. Agriculture, Husbandry, and Animal Resources
    8-3. Metal Resources
    8-4. Trade, Imports and Exports
    8-5. Local Industries
    8-6. Food

9. The Coinage

  • 9-1. The Origins
    9-2. Introduction and Spread of the Coinage
    9-3. Internal Aspects of the Coinage
    9-4. The Mottoes
    9-5. The End of the Coinage
    9-6. Modern Study of the Coinage

10. Religion

  • 10-1. The Pre-Christian Period
    10-2. The Conversion to Christianity
    10-3. Abreha and Atsbeha
    10-4. Ecclesiastical Development
    10-5. Churches

11. Warfare

  • 11-1. The Inscriptional Record
    11-2. The Military Structure
    11-3. Weapons
    11-4. The Fleet
    11-5. The Aksumite inscriptions

12. Material Culture; the Archaeological Record

  • 12-1. Pottery
    12-2. Glassware
    12-3. Stone Bowls
    12-4. Metalwork
    12-5. Other Materials

13. Language, Literature, and the Arts

  • 13-1. Language
    13-2. Literature and Literacy
    13-3. The Arts
    13-4. Music and Liturgical Chant

14. Society and Death

  • 14-1. Social Classes
    14-2. Funerary Practice

15. The Decline of Aksum

  • 15-1. The Failure of Resources
    15-2. The Climate
    15-3. External and Internal Political Troubles
    15-4. The Najashi Ashama ibn Abjar
    15-5. The NatsaniDaniell

16.The British Institute in Eastern Africa’s Excavations at Aksum

Peace Is Everything for Ethiopia and Eritrea. NPR The Art

Related Posts

An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity

Aksumite Empire

Preface

600px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Wandmalerei_3

Aksumite Empire

Excavations at Aksum

The Hatsani Daniel

Aksumite Empire

The Hatsani Daniel of Aksum

What It’s Like To Be A Billionaire In Ethiopia

https://youtu.be/UsczEq9RtqI
https://youtu.be/oT1LO-6OC-I

Travel

  • Ethiopia has Over 10,000 Megalithic Monuments dating Back to the 1st CenturyEthiopia has Over 10,000 Megalithic Monuments Dating Back to the 1st Century
  • ethiopia_ethiopian_wolf_35Brilliant Ethiopia: The Unique Wonder
  • F6BD7E94-BC77-4B3E-B905-7B140F12F5FDKenya Had an Elephant ‘Baby Boom’ — and Now You Can Adopt One
  • Addis_herald_omo_3910 Main Tourist Attractions Places in Africa
  • Homage to Entoto Park How the Old “Town in the Forest” is turning into a newly flowering tourist hubHomage to Entoto Park How the Old “Town in the Forest” is turning into a newly flowering tourist hub

Africa

  • 2B04558D-E562-4F0C-B0F8-36082FF2C299As Gas hold the key to Africa’s energy future , it also may Rescue Europe’s energy crisis
  • C1480A4F-9399-4DEC-8DE9-6CD659342646African entrepreneurs need to be taken seriously
  • United-States-of-AfricaUnited States of Africa: A dream that got Gaddafi killed at the hands of a desperate US
  • 3B1B58E3-5D40-4ADA-8835-29B316116181Africa Isn’t an Opinion or an Opiate: An Ode to the Ever Defiant Motherland
  • E0A49956-D481-44EF-9A41-0B34EF9BDFAEAfrica: The Mother of all Civilization

Culture

  • Or. 607The Ethiopian Emperor’s Manuscripts
  • 36540E1A-A477-4FDD-A4E7-2DD01514F57DEthiopian Manuscripts and Painting from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century
  • 184D8D78-8168-43A0-8F33-95AAC1CE81B2The Top Ten Ethiopia’s Endemic Wild Animals
  • 68B656DE-B1F3-47D4-9F6A-198C6FA6FCA3The New Face of Addis
  • 20-must-read-poems-ethiopian-poets20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included)

Business

  • China-Ethiopia-forumEthiopia’s Export to China Grows Amid Booming FDI from Chinese Companies to the Country
  • 32AAAC40-C7CF-4A10-8C4A-D63F30DC6D07As Telebirr Increases it’s Subscribers to 18 mln, It’s Mother company Ethio Telecom launches 5G network
  • 57BD9DF7-CDDD-4722-AD63-F5A0C41A11B1Recovery Period: Inside Ethiopian Airlines’ 4-Pillar Growth Strategy
  • DC89FC8D-FC0B-4547-B6E6-7D8A4540717E12 investment opportunities in Ethiopia’s packaging industry
  • 3D2D6F24-5BB6-4943-AD60-DA8E222749C2Ethiopian Airlines leases two Dash 8-400 aircraft from TrueNoord

RSS Allfrica.com News feed

  • Africa: Sparking Change for African Women Leaders Through the Power of Data
  • Africa: AFROPAC Promises to Strengthen Public Finance Oversight During Pandemic Recovery
  • Africa: The Russia - Ukraine Conflict and Its Impact On the Infrastructure and Built Environment Industry in Africa
  • Africa: Liberia Hosts AFROPAC Virtual Conference
  • Africa: Ghana Enterprise Agency Partners With Ie University's Africa Center to Promote Women Entrepreneurship
  • West Africa: President Weah Receives Letters of Credence From Ambassadors of South Africa, Gambia, Czech Republic And Ecowas
  • Africa: Guterres in Senegal - 'Triple Crisis' in Africa Aggravated By War in Ukraine
  • Africa: 60 Start-Ups Across Africa to Get $4m Google Fund
  • Africa: Over 11.6 Million Confirmed Cases of Covid-19 Across Continent
  • Africa: ILO - Child Labor Rising Around the World
  • Abijitta-Shalla National Park
  • Alatish Ethiopian National Park
  • Awash National Park
  • Babille Elephant Sanctuary
  • Bahir Dar Blue Nile Millennium Park
  • Bale National Park; Ethiopia’s lesser-known Treasure
  • Bale Mountains National Park
  • Borena-Sayint National Park
  • Chebera Churchura National Park
  • Dati Wolel National park
  • Gambella National Park
  • Gambella National Park 2
  • Kafta-Sheraro National Park
  • Mago National Park
  • Maze National Park
  • Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia
  • Omo National Park 
  • The Semien Mountains
  • Yabello National Park
  • Yangudi Rassa National Park
© Addis Herald 2022
  • Contact us
en English
af Afrikaansam Amharicar Arabiczh-CN Chinese (Simplified)en Englishfr Frenchde Germanel Greekhi Hindiit Italianja Japaneseko Koreanla Latinru Russianes Spanishsu Sudanesesw Swahilisv Swedish